Open Factory publishes research, lead-time and price data, models and calculators on machinery, electrical gear, power and cooling, with a procurement focus.https://open-factory.com/en-ushttps://open-factory.com/articles/tariff-schedule-2026/https://open-factory.com/articles/tariff-schedule-2026/IEEPA struck down Feb 20, Section 122 ran to Jul 24, Section 301 forced-labor tariffs on 60 economies, Section 232 metals at 50/25/15/10 with the Annex III 15% tier to Dec 2027, the robotics probe with no rate, HTS by HTSWed, 09 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementtariffsSection 232Section 301IEEPASection 122HTStransformersswitchgearmachine toolsrobotslanded costPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/skids-vs-stick-built/https://open-factory.com/articles/skids-vs-stick-built/Crown Texas, Powell and PCX purchase orders, 22% faster and 1 to 3% dearer, freight and crane at $450k a block, FAT scope, who owns the slot, three public projects comparedFri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTElectricalprefabricatede-housepower skidmodularVertivSchneider ElectricEatonPowell IndustriesPCXHubbellCrown Texasfactory acceptance testswitchgearUPSPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/recommended-spares-margin/https://open-factory.com/articles/recommended-spares-margin/Spares at 0.8% to 20% of the award, one utility's breaker price 2023 to 2025, PLC spares bid 40% apart, PM at $2,376 to $7,481 per genset, Modicon end-of-service dates, the four clausesSat, 22 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementspare partsrecommended sparesobsolescencelast-time buyPM contractscircuit breakersPLCModiconControlLogixR-Maggenset maintenanceRiverside Public UtilitiesCity of OcalaCity of MesaPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/800vdc-strands-frame-agreements/https://open-factory.com/articles/800vdc-strands-frame-agreements/NVIDIA 800 VDC shipping from Vertiv H2 2026, what changes SKU in 2027 (UPS, busway, PDU) and what does not, ABB's zero orders, how to write the change clauseFri, 21 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTElectrical800 VDCNVIDIAVertivEatonSchneider ElectricABBDeltaUPSbuswayPDUframe agreementsKyberVera RubinPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/what-50mw-costs-15-markets/https://open-factory.com/articles/what-50mw-costs-15-markets/Dominion $1.5M per MW and 14 years, AEP Ohio 72.5% minimum at 50 MW, Texas $50,000 per MW only above 75 MW, Georgia 15-year contracts, JLL 2.5 to 7 years to power, the three markets still live in 2028, Large-Load Cost Table v0Fri, 21 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowerlarge loadsinterconnectiontariffsDominionAEP OhioERCOTGeorgia Powerminimum billscollateraldata centersPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/liquidated-damages/https://open-factory.com/articles/liquidated-damages/Cap norms by equipment class, what a week of delay costs per MW, negotiating above the cap, LD vs schedule bonus, real clauses from utility bid tabsMon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementliquidated damagescontract termstransformersswitchgeargensetsRFQPTI TransformersVirginia TransformerEatonHitachi EnergyPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/rfq-capital-equipment/https://open-factory.com/articles/rfq-capital-equipment/Ocala's $1.1M PPI escalator, LDs at $250 a day capped at 5%, 25/35/30/10 milestones, FAT as the payment trigger, IEEPA refund allocation, 156-week pad-mounts, the six templatesTue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementRFQliquidated damagespayment milestonestariffstransformersswitchgeargensetsCNCtemplatesPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/ercot-funnel/https://open-factory.com/articles/ercot-funnel/Oncor's 298 GW of requests, Batch Zero, Abbott's August pause and the December audit, who the 3.9 GW are and what they did differentlyWed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowerERCOTOncorBatch ZeroPUCTSB6large load interconnectiondata centersRiot PlatformsGalaxy DigitalCenterPointPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/refrigerant-transition-prices/https://open-factory.com/articles/refrigerant-transition-prices/AIM Act steps to 60% and 30%, cylinders at $345 to $2,000, Honeywell's 42% surcharge, Chemours pricing up 11%, 563 lb in a 500-ton chiller, EPA's May 2026 reconsideration, the purchase-order clausesTue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTCoolingrefrigerantsR-454BR-410AR-513AAIM Actchillersrooftop unitsChemoursHoneywellTraneCarrierLennoxDaikinPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/ofci-vs-design-build-chillers/https://open-factory.com/articles/ofci-vs-design-build-chillers/Owner-furnished 78 weeks out, the 15% markup in public contracts, deposit and storage carry, sales-tax exemptions in three states, warranty clocks, Modine's $165M deposit, the clause set and the reservation playbookFri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTCoolingOFCIchillersCDUsCMARdesign-buildprocurementsales taxcapacity reservationsModineGE VernovaVertivMuntersPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/switchgear-quote-anatomy/https://open-factory.com/articles/switchgear-quote-anatomy/Base price, copper escalator, GOES surcharge, testing, freight, storage clause, cancellation terms, LD schedule, factory acceptance witness, spares, drawingsSat, 13 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementswitchgearmetal-clad15 kVquotesliquidated damagescancellationstoragedrawings approvalRiverside Public UtilitiesEatonPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/machine-tool-record-fewer-units/https://open-factory.com/articles/machine-tool-record-fewer-units/USMTO $3.44B in H1 2026, units down 2.6%, aerospace and power generation over automotive, JMTBA's JPY 203B month, Germany at 73% utilization, Italy down 38.7%, what it means for 2027 delivery and priceMon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 GMTMachinerymachine toolsUSMTOAMTJMTBAVDWUCIMUGardner Business IndexDMG Moriaerospacetariffslead timesPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/controllogix-36-weeks-to-stock/https://open-factory.com/articles/controllogix-36-weeks-to-stock/Rockwell bulletins 35 to 208 days, backlog $1.6B to $5.6B, a $25,920 surplus CPU, Siemens DI destocking, 250 bps of price, ISM at 60.6, the second-sourcing playbookSun, 17 May 2026 00:00:00 GMTMachineryRockwell AutomationControlLogixPLClead timesSiemens Digital IndustriesSchneider ElectricISMECIAsecond sourcingAllen-BradleyPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/pjm-capacity-factory-bill/https://open-factory.com/articles/pjm-capacity-factory-bill/$28.92 to $333.44 per MW-day, the $7.27B datacenter attribution, five hours that set a Pennsylvania plant's bill, ELRP at $112k per MW-year, the $12B modeling fight, the PLC playbookFri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowerPJMcapacity marketpeak load contributiondemand responseELRPPennsylvaniaOhiodata centersPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/robot-61k-cell-150k/https://open-factory.com/articles/robot-61k-cell-150k/IFR 621k installs, A3 $61,198 per arm, Fanuc CRX up 12% to $51k, UR20 at $54k to $73k in federal awards, three cells line by line, payback by shift, welder wages by state, the integration multiple and three contract clausesFri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 GMTMachineryrobotscobotsFanucUniversal RobotsIFRA3palletizingrobotic weldingmachine tendingintegratorsTCOUSAspendingPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/slot-economy/https://open-factory.com/articles/slot-economy/GE Vernova 116 GW and 63 GW of paid reservations, Siemens 95 GW and Mitsubishi 35 GW, $25.8B of turbine deposits, Vertiv deferred revenue at $3.6B, Modine's $165M, deposit terms by equipment class, who holds the slotsFri, 08 May 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowergas turbinesslot reservationsGE VernovaSiemens EnergyMitsubishi PowerVertivModinedepositsdatacenter powerPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/ieepa-refund-fight/https://open-factory.com/articles/ieepa-refund-fight/CIT refund order March 4, importers of record, tariff surcharges passed to buyers, the contract clause nobody wrote, Skadden's allocation language, bonded warehouses as the 2026 hedgeWed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementIEEPAtariffsrefundsCAPEimporter of recordcontractsbonded warehouseFTZswitchgearSection 122Prannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/behind-meter-90gw/https://open-factory.com/articles/behind-meter-90gw/xAI Colossus at 1,498 MW of turbines, the GSU transformer nobody prices, 143-week GSU lead times, DOE 202(c) orders, what a developer can actually energize by 2028Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowerbehind-the-metergas turbinesreciprocating enginesGSU transformersEIA-860MxAIFermi AmericaDOE 202(c)FERC co-locationPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/cooling-ma-price-list/https://open-factory.com/articles/cooling-ma-price-list/Eaton and Boyd $9.5B at 22.5x, Ecolab and CoolIT $4.75B at 29x, Schneider and Motivair $850M, Vertiv and PurgeRite, Trane and LiquidStack, what 29x does to your CDU quoteSun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTCoolingliquid coolingCDUscold platesM&AEatonBoyd ThermalEcolabCoolITSchneider ElectricMotivairVertivPurgeRiteTrane TechnologiesLiquidStackDaikinChilldyneAVCAurasPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/turbines-recips-fuel-cells/https://open-factory.com/articles/turbines-recips-fuel-cells/16 to 18 months vs 24 to 30 vs 36+, $/kW from Wartsila, Caterpillar, Bloom and GE Vernova deals, heat rate, permitting, resale, Oracle's 2.8 GW Bloom MSATue, 24 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTPowerbridge powergas turbinesreciprocating enginesfuel cellsBloom EnergyWartsilaCaterpillarGE VernovapermittingHenry HubPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/2mw-plant-service-upgrade/https://open-factory.com/articles/2mw-plant-service-upgrade/Utility-owned pad-mount at 52 to 104 weeks, Ohio's 40% CIAC vs Georgia's revenue allowance, the 30-day AHJ clock, arc-flash study at $6k to $70k, the 20-week sequencing gain, Large-Load Cost TableSun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTElectricalservice upgradeCIACline extensionpad-mount transformerarc flashNFPA 70Epermittingtemporary powerAEP OhioGeorgia PowerPG&EComEdPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/chiller-60-week-problem/https://open-factory.com/articles/chiller-60-week-problem/Air-cooled 40 to 60 weeks, water-cooled 50 to 70, Munters into 2028, Trane and Carrier and JCI backlogs, R-454B's summer, OFCI 18 months out, the 20 MW procurement calendarFri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTCoolingchillerslead-timesCDUsTrane TechnologiesCarrierJohnson ControlsMuntersModineR-454BAIM ActOFCIPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/haas-vf2-true-cost/https://open-factory.com/articles/haas-vf2-true-cost/$70,995 list, 63 used listings and 3 prices, PM at 2 to 3.5% a year, spindle rebuild $8k to $25k, ten-year bill ~$173k before labour, Section 179 at $2.56M, the quote formFri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTMachineryHaasVF-2machine toolsTCOused machinerySection 179spindle rebuildPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/change-orders-212-invoices/https://open-factory.com/articles/change-orders-212-invoices/Median 1.8% of award, 9.5% of the dollars, 69% of mods give no reason, five line items that grow, labor units vs billed hours, clause language and contractor ratiosWed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementchange orderselectrical contractorsmechanical contractorsUSAspendingNAICS 238210NAICS 238220contract modificationsT&Munit pricesmarkupNECA labor unitsRiverside Public UtilitiesFort WorthPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/copper-tariff-panel/https://open-factory.com/articles/copper-tariff-panel/COMEX record, $1,000 per ton premium over LME, copper wire PPI +17.9%, busway and cable quotes, aluminum substitution, the escalator clauseSat, 14 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementcopperSection 232COMEXbuilding wireSouthwireAtkorePrysmianescalation clausealuminumPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/used-refurbished-market/https://open-factory.com/articles/used-refurbished-market/15 bids for one 2,500 kVA pad-mount, used gensets at $47 to $335 per kW, eight oil and insulation limits, the Charlotte refurb line, dealer stock at 1.8x the median bid, five checks before wiring moneyWed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTProcurementused equipmentrefurbishedtransformersgensetsswitchgearauctionsMaddoxSiemens EnergyIEEE C57DobleDGAPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/japan-eats-capex-boom/https://open-factory.com/articles/japan-eats-capex-boom/JMTBA North America JPY 40.7B, +44%, 37 cents of every USMTO dollar, the yen at 158, one 15% rate for Japan, Taiwan and Germany, US assembly plants, a Taiwanese 5-axis in OhioSun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTMachinerymachine toolsJMTBAUSMTODMG MoriOkumaMazakHurcoyentariffsSection 232landed costPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/bess-as-ups/https://open-factory.com/articles/bess-as-ups/Lithium BESS vs double-conversion UPS for a 20 MW hall, $/kW, footprint, 58.4% duty on Chinese cells, Powin's Chapter 11, fire code, who is buying itThu, 08 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTElectricalBESSUPSTesla MegapackFluenceVertivSchneider ElectricSection 301IEEPANFPA 855UL 9540APJM capacityERCOTPowin48E ITCPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/rockwell-250bps/https://open-factory.com/articles/rockwell-250bps/100 bps tariff pass-through, distributor discount structure, Siemens and Schneider list behaviour, what to ask the distributor before renewing the frame agreementFri, 19 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementRockwell AutomationAllen-BradleyControlLogixPLC pricingtariffsSiemens Digital IndustriesSchneider ElectricEmersondistributorsframe agreementsPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/nuclear-ppas-price-signal/https://open-factory.com/articles/nuclear-ppas-price-signal/Crane at $1,916 per kW and ~$112 per MWh, Talen and Amazon $18B over 17 years, Meta's Clinton at ~$70, Vistra's 1,200 MW to an unnamed buyer, 5.8 GW contracted against 90 GW of demand, the industrial rate by state, the eight utilities offering long-term termsThu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTPowernuclearPPAConstellationTalenVistraNextEraMicrosoftAmazonMetaGoogleindustrial rateslong-term contractsdata centersPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/electricians-wages-by-metro/https://open-factory.com/articles/electricians-wages-by-metro/Electrician and pipefitter wages in 10 metros, Loudoun contractor payrolls +138%, the 90th percentile at $121,570, 6,350 MW under construction, travel-card and per diem terms, the clauses that protect a plant projectMon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementelectricianslaborwagesIBEWdatacentersLoudounColumbusPhoenixBLS OEWSQCEWPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/switchgear-50-percent/https://open-factory.com/articles/switchgear-50-percent/Switchgear PPI +78% and +15% YoY at peak, copper $6.14/lb and a 50% tariff, labor 27% of the factory, Eaton margin 20% to 30%, Powell backlog $2.4B, lead times 21 to 104 weeks by class, the decomposition behind the wallSun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricalswitchgearPPIcopperSection 232EatonPowell IndustriesSchneider Electriclead timesshould-costPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/fuel-cell-itc-last-subsidy/https://open-factory.com/articles/fuel-cell-itc-last-subsidy/OBBBA leaves fuel cells, storage, geothermal and nuclear through 2034, wind and solar need construction by July 2026, gas CHP gets nothing, payback for a 10 MW plantSat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTPowerfuel cellsBloom EnergyITCSection 48EOBBBACHPstandby chargesPG&ECon EdisonAEP OhioPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/vertiv-backlog-estimate/https://open-factory.com/articles/vertiv-backlog-estimate/$15B and 2.9x book-to-bill in Q4 2025, deferred revenue doubling to $3.6B, guidance and peer read-across, what deposits tell you about 2027 slotsTue, 11 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricalVertivbacklogdeferred revenuebook-to-billUPSliquid coolingdatacenter powerdisclosurePrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/transformer-160-weeks/https://open-factory.com/articles/transformer-160-weeks/Wood Mackenzie 128 and 143 weeks, 82% of large units imported, Hitachi and Siemens Energy capacity by 2028, GOES and Butler Works, $25 million slot fees, the six buyers rankedSat, 25 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricaltransformerslead-timesGOESHitachi EnergySiemens EnergyGE VernovaProlec GEWood MackenziePrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/butler-works-goes/https://open-factory.com/articles/butler-works-goes/Cleveland-Cliffs Butler Works, 920 mm coil width, 39% higher core losses than Japanese GOES, the $400M DoW contract, DPA Title III, what the DOE efficiency rule did and undidSun, 12 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricalGOESelectrical steelCleveland-CliffsButler WorkstransformersDOE efficiency ruleSection 232Defense Production Actamorphous metalMetglasNippon SteelJFEPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/tariff-bom-electrical/https://open-factory.com/articles/tariff-bom-electrical/Copper at 50% on content, steel and aluminum tiers, Chinese cells at 58.4%, SKU by SKU landed cost, the calculator behind itFri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementtariffsSection 232Section 301IEEPAcopperUPSswitchgeargensetsBESSMegapackHTSPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/copper-wire-sheet-launch/https://open-factory.com/articles/copper-wire-sheet-launch/IMF copper at $6.14 via FRED as the reference, the COMEX gap stated not carried, NEC Table 8 to $/ft for 13 conductor sizes, the escalation-clause calculator, copper wire PPI +17.9%, 14 Border States bulletins logged, what version 1 addsThu, 02 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementcopperaluminumbuilding wireCOMEXLMEFREDNEC Table 8escalation clauseBorder StatesPPICopper and Wire Price SheetPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/large-load-cost-table-launch/https://open-factory.com/articles/large-load-cost-table-launch/Study fees, security per MW, minimum bills, terms, exit fees and realistic energization year for Dominion, AEP Ohio, Georgia Power, Oncor, CenterPoint, Duke, APS, SRP, PacifiCorp and six more, 53 cells from primary documents and 45 not publishedWed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTPowerlarge loadsinterconnectiontariffsdocketsDominionAEP OhioERCOTGeorgia Powerminimum billscollateraldata centersLarge-Load Cost TablePrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/2850-report-says-nothing/https://open-factory.com/articles/2850-report-says-nothing/A $37,300 benchmark for a $12k to $3.8M category, no transaction prices, PPI resold to 2033, four tariff changes in 2025, IBISWorld vs SpendEdge vs Beroe, ten-category free recipeMon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementIBISWorldProcurementIQSpendEdgeBeroeMarketsandMarketsswitchgearPPICensus M3category reportsprocurement researchPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/gensets-sold-out-2028/https://open-factory.com/articles/gensets-sold-out-2028/62 to 110 week lead times, Caterpillar $72.1B backlog, Generac $1.6B backlog, used Tier 2 iron at 18 to 46 cents, INNIO and Wartsila recips, Tier 2 vs Tier 4 routes, Genset TCOMon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricalgensetsCumminsCaterpillarGeneraclead-timesTier 4INNIOWartsilaRehlkoused equipmentPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/171-day-capex-lead-time/https://open-factory.com/articles/171-day-capex-lead-time/Capex 171 days, production materials 84, MRO 48, electrical components in short supply 14 months, aluminum up 33 months, how to read it before the PPI movesSat, 13 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTProcurementISMlead timescapexPPIswitchgeartransformersCensus M3procurementPrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/book-to-bill-league/https://open-factory.com/articles/book-to-bill-league/Eaton 1.2 to 1.3, Siemens Energy Grid 1.48 and EUR 51B, GE Vernova $44.6B, ABB +59%, Powell $2.4B, Hitachi $63.6B, the read-across for buyersWed, 10 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricalbook-to-billbacklogEatonVertivSiemens EnergyGE VernovaABBPowellHitachi EnergyCaterpillarTranePrannay Hebbarhttps://open-factory.com/articles/lead-time-monitor-launch/https://open-factory.com/articles/lead-time-monitor-launch/Eleven equipment classes, every cell a published lead time with its OEM and date, Schneider LV switchgear at 50 weeks, Census M3 at 5.7 months, ISM supplier deliveries 59.3, backlog from seven filings, monthly on the first business day, what version 1 addsWed, 10 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTElectricallead-timesSchneider ElectricSiemensCensus M3ISMPPIswitchgeartransformersgensetschillersLead-Time MonitorPrannay Hebbar